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Literature summary extracted from
- Induction of aldo-keto reductases (AKR1C1 and AKR1C3) abolishes the efficacy of daunorubicin chemotherapy for leukemic U937 cells (2014), Anticancer Drugs, 25, 868-877.
Cloned(Commentary)
| EC Number | Cloned (Comment) | Organism |
|---|---|---|
| 1.1.1.149 | gene AKR1C1, real-time PCR expression anaysis | Homo sapiens |
| 1.1.1.239 | gene AKR1C3, real-time PCR expression anaysis | Homo sapiens |
Natural Substrates/ Products (Substrates)
| EC Number | Natural Substrates | Organism | Comment (Nat. Sub.) | Natural Products | Comment (Nat. Pro.) | Rev. | Reac. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.1.1.149 | daunorubicin + NADPH + H+ | Homo sapiens | inactivation of the anticancer drug | daunorubicinol + NADP+ | - |
r |  |
| 1.1.1.239 | daunorubicin + NADPH + H+ | Homo sapiens | inactivation of the anticancer drug | daunorubicinol + NADP+ | - |
r | |
Organism
| EC Number | Organism | UniProt | Comment | Textmining |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.1.1.149 | Homo sapiens | Q04828 | - |
- |
| 1.1.1.239 | Homo sapiens | P42330 | - |
- |
Source Tissue
| EC Number | Source Tissue | Comment | Organism | Textmining |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.1.1.149 | colon carcinoma cell | - |
Homo sapiens | - |
| 1.1.1.149 | additional information | the expression of AKR1C1 is elevated in lung, uterine cervix, and colon cancers | Homo sapiens | - |
| 1.1.1.149 | U-937 cell | - |
Homo sapiens | - |
| 1.1.1.149 | uterine cervix carcinoma cell | - |
Homo sapiens | - |
| 1.1.1.239 | leukemia cell | - |
Homo sapiens | - |
| 1.1.1.239 | lung cancer cell | - |
Homo sapiens | - |
| 1.1.1.239 | mammary gland carcinoma cell | - |
Homo sapiens | - |
| 1.1.1.239 | additional information | AKR1C3 is upregulated in leukemia, lung cancers, and carcinomas of hormone-sensitive tissues such as the prostate and mammary gland | Homo sapiens | - |
| 1.1.1.239 | prostate carcinoma cell | - |
Homo sapiens | - |
| 1.1.1.239 | U-937 cell | - |
Homo sapiens | - |
Substrates and Products (Substrate)
| EC Number | Substrates | Comment Substrates | Organism | Products | Comment (Products) | Rev. | Reac. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.1.1.149 | daunorubicin + NADPH + H+ | inactivation of the anticancer drug | Homo sapiens | daunorubicinol + NADP+ | - |
r | |
| 1.1.1.149 | daunorubicin + NADPH + H+ | the enzyme reduces daunorubicin to its corresponding alcohol daunorubicinol using NADPH as the coenzyme | Homo sapiens | daunorubicinol + NADP+ | - |
r | |
| 1.1.1.239 | daunorubicin + NADPH + H+ | inactivation of the anticancer drug | Homo sapiens | daunorubicinol + NADP+ | - |
r | |
| 1.1.1.239 | daunorubicin + NADPH + H+ | the enzyme reduces daunorubicin to its corresponding alcohol daunorubicinol using NADPH as the coenzyme | Homo sapiens | daunorubicinol + NADP+ | - |
r | |
Synonyms
| EC Number | Synonyms | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1.1.1.149 | AKR1C1 | - |
Homo sapiens |
| 1.1.1.239 | AKR1C3 | - |
Homo sapiens |
| 1.1.1.239 | type 2 3alpha-HSD | - |
Homo sapiens |
| 1.1.1.239 | type 5 17beta-HSD | - |
Homo sapiens |
Temperature Optimum [°C]
| EC Number | Temperature Optimum [°C] | Temperature Optimum Maximum [°C] | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.1.1.149 | 25 | - |
assay at | Homo sapiens |
| 1.1.1.239 | 25 | - |
assay at | Homo sapiens |
pH Optimum
| EC Number | pH Optimum Minimum | pH Optimum Maximum | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.1.1.149 | 7.4 | - |
assay at | Homo sapiens |
| 1.1.1.239 | 7.4 | - |
assay at | Homo sapiens |
Cofactor
| EC Number | Cofactor | Comment | Organism | Structure |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1.1.1.149 | NADP+ | - |
Homo sapiens | |
| 1.1.1.149 | NADPH | - |
Homo sapiens | |
| 1.1.1.239 | NADP+ | - |
Homo sapiens | |
| 1.1.1.239 | NADPH | - |
Homo sapiens | |
Expression
| EC Number | Organism | Comment | Expression |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1.1.1.149 | Homo sapiens | the enzyme expression is upregulated by daunorubicin treament | up |
| 1.1.1.239 | Homo sapiens | the enzyme expression is upregulated by daunorubicin treament | up |
General Information
| EC Number | General Information | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1.1.1.149 | evolution | the enzyme is a member of the aldo-keto reductase (AKR) superfamily that metabolizes endogenous substrates, such as carbohydrates, prostaglandins and steroids, and xenobiotics in a NAD(P)(H)-dependent manner | Homo sapiens |
| 1.1.1.149 | physiological function | crucial role of AKR1C1 in the acquisition of daunorubicin resistance of leukemic cells by metabolizing both daunorubicin and cytotoxic aldehydes derived from ROS-linked lipid peroxidation. Daunorubicin, at its sublethal doses, induces the expression of AKR1C1 and AKR1C3, EC 1.1.1.239, both of which reduce the daunorubicin sensitivity of the cells, AKR1C3 is more inducible than AKR1C1 by the daunorubicin treatment | Homo sapiens |
| 1.1.1.239 | evolution | the enzyme is a member of the aldo-keto reductase (AKR) superfamily that metabolizes endogenous substrates, such as carbohydrates, prostaglandins and steroids, and xenobiotics in a NAD(P)(H)-dependent manner | Homo sapiens |
| 1.1.1.239 | physiological function | crucial role of AKR1C3 in the acquisition of daunorubicin resistance of leukemic cells by metabolizing both daunorubicin and cytotoxic aldehydes derived from ROS-linked lipid peroxidation. Daunorubicin, at its sublethal doses, induces the expression of AKR1C1, EC 1.1.1.149, and AKR1C3, both of which reduce the daunorubicin sensitivity of the cells, AKR1C3 is more inducible than AKR1C1 by the daunorubicin treatment | Homo sapiens |
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